Premature Ticagrelor Discontinuation in Secondary Prevention of Atherosclerotic CVD: JACC Review Topic of the Week

Ticagrelor is a cornerstone of modern antithrombotic therapy alongside aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndrome and after percutaneous coronary intervention. Adverse effects such as bleeding and dyspnea have been associated with premature ticagrelor discontinuation, which may limit any potential advantage of ticagrelor over clopidogrel. The randomized trials of ticagrelor captured adverse events, offering the opportunity to more precisely quantify these effects across studies. Therefore, a meta-analysis of 4 randomized clinical trials of ticagrelor conducted between January 2007 and June 2017 was performed to quantify the incidence and causes of premature ticagrelor discontinuation. Among 66,870 patients followed for a median 18 months, premature ticagrelor discontinuation was seen in 25%; bleeding was the most common cause of discontinuation followed by dyspnea. Versus the comparators, the relative risk of dyspnea-related discontinuation during follow-up was 6.4-fold higher, the relative risk of bleeding was 3.2-fold higher, and the relative risk of discontinuation due to any adverse event was 59% higher for patients receiving ticagrelor. Understanding these potential barriers to adherence to ticagrelor is crucial for informed patient-physician decision making and can inform future efforts to improve ticagrelor adherence. This review discusses the incidence, causes, and biological mechanisms of ticagrelor-related adverse effects and offers strategies to improve adherence to ticagrelor.     

颈内静脉内径呼吸变异度和血流速度在椎管内麻醉后容量预测中的价值

目的探究超声测量颈内静脉内径呼吸变异度和血流速度在椎管内麻醉后血容量判断中的价值。方法选择我院2017年2月至2019年2月择期手术的椎管内麻醉患者120例,男64例,女56例,年龄为34～66岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。记录麻醉前、麻醉后5、15、25 min左侧颈内静脉最大直径(Dmax)、最小直径(Dmin)、内径呼吸变异度(RVI)、中心静脉压(CVP)、血流速度最大值(BVmax)、血流速度最小值(BVmin)和血流速度变异度(BVI),取CVP=6 mmHg作为预测值,并通过绘制ROC曲线来评估Dmax、Dmin、RVI、BVmax、BVmin和BVI的预测效能。结果与麻醉前比较,麻醉后5 min时Dmax、Dmin和BVI明显降低(P0.05),RVI明显升高(P0.05);与麻醉后5和15 min比较,麻醉后25 min,Dmax、Dmin和BVI明显升高(P0.05),RVI明显降低(P0.05)。麻醉前BVmin的AUC值最大为0.958,临界值6.86,敏感性82.6%,特异性95.2%;麻醉后5 min,Dmin的AUC值最大为0.944,临界值0.74,敏感性98.4%,特异性84.3%;麻醉后15 min,Dmin和BVmax的AUC值最大分别为0.949和0.945,临界值分别为0.72和7.99,敏感性分别为96.5%和89.8%,特异性分别为82.4%和82.1%;麻醉后25 min,BVmax的AUC值最大为0.981,临界值8.98,敏感性92.0%,特异性90.5%。结论超声测量患者颈内静脉的内径变异度和血流速度可作为预测椎管内麻醉后血容量的方式。     

基于氧化应激探究PCI损伤及中医药防治进展

我国心血管疾病的患病率及死亡率仍处于上升阶段,经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)是目前减少冠心病患者冠状动脉狭窄及闭塞和改善临床症状的最有效策略。临床上,存在很大一部分患者在大血管再通后,仍存在心痛症状。在PCI围术期常伴随着氧化应激、炎症、钙超载、内皮功能损害、血栓阻塞等不良事件,氧化应激在这个过程中扮演着重要角色。在PCI的再灌注时期,活性氧(ROS)的爆发可引发线粒体能量传递链异常和细胞离子稳态失衡,造成血管内皮细胞损伤,血管通透性增高,白蛋白漏出,白细胞和血小板黏附,血管狭窄。传统中医将PCI术后再狭窄纳入"胸痹"等范畴,气血的运行与五脏的功能密切相关,当气血运行不畅,心脏的生血、行血的功能受阻,造成气虚血瘀,从而造成机体虚损。目前,普罗布考和替格瑞洛等临床一线用药,具有一定的局限性,且忽略了"本虚邪实"的机体现状,无法协调机体气血阴阳五脏之间的关系。本研究从氧化应激在PCI损伤的现代医学分子研究出发,结合中医认识,总结中医药防治的研究进展,旨在为冠状动脉介入损伤的治疗提供候选药物及为相关实验研究提供参考。     

Role of Superb Microvascular Imaging in Differentiating Between Malignant and Benign Solid Breast Masses

IntroductionThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of superb microvascular imaging (SMI) in breast lesions.Materials and MethodsEighty-five solid breast lesions were studied with color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI), power Doppler imaging (PDI), monochromatic SMI (mSMI), and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS). The penetrating vessels (PVs) and microvascular morphologic and distribution features of the breast tumors were evaluated for each modality.ResultsThe diagnostic accuracies of CDFI, PDI, mSMI, and CEUS were calculated and compared. Surgical pathologic analysis showed 47 benign and 38 malignant lesions. Compared with CDFI and PDI, mSMI and CEUS detected more PVs in breast lesions. The microvascular architecture showed significant differences between benign and malignant lesions. Benign lesions mainly displayed avascular, line-like, and branch-like patterns, and malignant lesions tended to display root hair-like and crab claw-like patterns. mSMI and CEUS identified more root hair-like and crab claw-like patterns in malignant lesions than CDFI and PDI. The sensitivity, negative predictive value, and accuracy of mSMI findings in diagnosing malignancy based on PVs and vascular patterns were both higher than those of CDFI and PDI.ConclusionsmSMI is equal to CEUS and superior to CDFI and PDI in identifying microvascular and discriminating malignant and benign breast masses.     

基于网络药理学及分子对接分析丹参黄芪配伍治疗冠心病和心绞痛的活性成分及作用机制

目的：从分子水平研究丹参黄芪配伍抗冠心病和心绞痛的分子机制。方法：采用中药系统药理学数据库和分析平台（Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology，TCMSP）获取丹参和黄芪活性成分，基于CTD （Comparative Toxicogenomics Database，比较毒物基因组学数据库）筛选冠心病和心绞痛的关键靶标。借助STRING软件对心绞痛和冠心病的靶标基因进行相互作用分析，基于分子对接（Sybyl2.1）对筛选所得的丹参、黄芪的活性成分与心绞痛及冠心病靶点进行分子对接验证。借助Cytoscape3.5.1构建"活性成分-靶点"网络模型。结果：丹参黄芪共筛选出61个活性成分，其中丹参44个，黄芪17个。筛选出冠心病靶标25个，心绞痛靶标7个，通过靶蛋白PPI网络分析，肿瘤坏死因子、基质金属蛋白酶-9、Toll样受体4、载脂蛋白E、脂肪酸转运蛋白、血管紧张素Ⅰ转化酶、基质金属蛋白酶-3、尿激酶为冠心病和心绞痛疾病的关键靶标蛋白。分子对接发现黄芪单味药、丹参单味药、黄芪丹参配伍用药可能通过调节尿激酶（PLAU）、载脂蛋白E （APOE）、血管紧张素I转化酶（ACE）发挥抗冠心病及心绞痛的作用。结论：从分子层面筛选丹参黄芪配伍治疗冠心病、心绞痛疾病的关键活性成分及靶点，为其配伍后实验研究和临床应用提供合理解释。     

The relationships among monocyte subsets,miRNAs and inflammatory cytokines in patients with acute myocardial infarction

Background

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) causes irreversible myocardial damage and release of inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, chemokines and miRNAs. We aimed to investigate changes in the levels of cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10), miRNAs profiles (miR-146 and miR-155) and distribution of different monocyte subsets (CD14++CD16-, CD14++CD16+, CD14+CD16++) in the acute and post-healing phases of AMI.

杜纪鸣治疗冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病经验

杜纪鸣老师认为,冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(简称冠心病)的发生、发展,与多种因素紧密相关,其常见发病原因有寒邪内侵、饮食不节、情志失调、体虚劳倦等,与人体的代谢及生理功能失调关系紧密。心脉痹阻为本病主要病机,一方面因虚致实,另一方面因实致虚。气虚、血瘀两种病理产物贯穿本病始终。临证时,杜老师遵循益气活血、化瘀通脉止痛治疗大法,把辨脏腑、辨主症、辨兼症等辨证方法融汇其中,同时不忘借鉴现代中药药理学研究成果完善方药。杜老师提出,对有易感因素的中青年易患人群,一定要早预防,通过早期调补脾肾、调理内分泌、代谢紊乱等,能有效预防疾病的发生,延缓疾病的发展等。     

硝普钠与酚妥拉明在冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病合并心力衰竭患者治疗中的效果观察

目的:观察硝普钠与酚妥拉明在冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病合并心力衰竭患者治疗中的效果。方法:采取随机分组的方式将82例CHD合并心力衰竭患者分别纳入观察组与对照组中,每组41例,接收后都及时采取了镇静、吸氧等基础治疗。此外,观察组使用硝普钠药物治疗,对照组使用酚妥拉明组药物治疗。结果:观察组的治疗总有效率82.93%,明显高于对照组60.98%;治疗后两组的LVEF、LVEDD、LVESD均有明显的改善,且观察组显著优于对照组,差异均具统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:相对于酚妥拉明治疗CHD合并心力衰竭的效果来说,硝普钠的疗效更高,且对心脏功能的改善效果也更好,更值得临床应用和推广。     

卢尚岭治疗慢性心衰经验

总结卢尚岭教授对慢性心衰病机认识与治疗经验。心衰是各种心病日久的常见转归,其危害严重。由于导致心衰的疾病不同,因而患者发病年龄、体质、病程与病性有明显差异。心气心阳虚损,乃至衰竭,推动无力,气化失司,以致血瘀水停,是心衰发病的共同病机。五脏俱病,病位在心;心脏受邪,体用俱损。正虚邪实互为影响,心气心阳不足,正虚不充,必然导致气滞、痰浊、瘀血、寒凝、浊滞、水停等邪气内生,邪甚伤正。因此,治疗心衰强调补虚扶正与祛邪泄浊兼顾,以益气温阳、活血通脉、行水泄浊为治疗原则。创制心衰1号方、心衰2号方、益心汤等,并随证加减,常获满意疗效。